QUICK SUMMARY
Neroli essential oil is steam-distilled from the fragrant blossoms of the bitter orange tree, Citrus aurantium. Unlike orange essential oil, which usually comes from the peel, neroli comes from the flower and has a softer floral-citrus aroma with a very different chemical profile.
Neroli is one of the better-studied floral essential oils for nervous-system and women's-health support. Human research suggests that inhalation may help reduce anxiety and stress, improve sleep quality when used in blends, ease several menopause symptoms, support sexual desire, and help maintain healthier blood pressure. Newer research also supports its potential role in pain management, while anti-inflammatory and gut-microbiome findings remain largely preclinical. (1, 2, 3)
A 2026 systematic review focused on obstetrics and gynecology concluded that neroli and related Citrus aurantium flower preparations show therapeutic promise for anxiety, sleep, menstrual and labor pain, menopausal symptoms, nausea, and sexual well-being, while also emphasizing the need for stronger standardized trials. (4)
The easiest way to use neroli oil is by inhalation, diffusion, a personal inhaler, or properly diluted topical application. Because genuine neroli is concentrated and expensive, a little goes a long way.
In our grocery store society, we are used to seeing one part of a plant as the useful part: the fruit, vegetable, leaf, or root. But God created plants with far more complexity than that, and the bitter orange tree is a beautiful example.
From the same tree we can get bitter-orange peel oil, petitgrain from the leaves and twigs, orange-blossom hydrosol, and neroli essential oil from the blossoms. Each preparation smells different, contains a different balance of plant compounds, and may be used differently.
Neroli has earned a special place in our essential-oil cabinet because it combines a luxurious aroma with meaningful human research. It is especially interesting when stress, menopause, sleep, intimacy, blood pressure, and pain overlap, which they so often do.
Table of Contents
What Is Neroli Essential Oil?
We know that essential oils can be produced from different parts of the same plant, and neroli essential oil is an excellent example.
Neroli comes from the blossoms of Citrus aurantium, usually the bitter orange or Seville orange tree. Bitter-orange peel essential oil is typically expressed from the rind, while neroli is steam-distilled from the flowers. Petitgrain is normally distilled from the leaves and twigs.
That difference in plant part and extraction method changes the chemistry dramatically.
In one published analysis of neroli, major compounds included linalool, linalyl acetate, nerolidol, farnesol, and alpha-terpineol. Another batch may have a different percentage profile because essential-oil chemistry varies with cultivar, geography, soil, harvest timing, weather, storage, and distillation. (5)
Why Is Neroli So Expensive?
The blossoms harvested for neroli would otherwise become fruit, and it takes a large amount of delicate floral material to produce a small amount of essential oil.
That means the grower is making a real tradeoff. Flowers must be harvested carefully, usually during a narrow seasonal window, and then processed quickly to preserve their aromatic compounds.
Some suppliers estimate that tens of pounds of blossoms may be required to produce a pound of oil, although exact yields vary widely. This is one reason genuine neroli often costs far more than sweet orange or lemon oil.
Neroli vs. Orange Oil vs. Petitgrain
All three may come from citrus trees, but they are not interchangeable:
- Neroli: Steam-distilled from blossoms. Floral, citrusy, soft, rich, and calming.
- Bitter orange peel oil: Usually expressed from the fruit peel. Brighter, sharper, more recognizably orange.
- Petitgrain: Distilled primarily from leaves and twigs. Green, woody, fresh, and less floral.
This distinction matters clinically too. A study using Citrus aurantium flower aroma is not automatically evidence for expressed bitter-orange peel oil, and a study of bitter-orange extract is not the same as a study of neroli essential oil.
Why Quality Matters So Much With Neroli
There is another reason neroli deserves careful sourcing: expensive oils create a financial incentive for adulteration.
A cheaper floral fragrance, synthetic linalool or linalyl acetate, petitgrain, another citrus oil, or a carrier oil can all be used to stretch a costly product.
There is no dependable kitchen test that proves purity. Instead, look for:
- The botanical name, ideally Citrus aurantium
- The plant part, blossoms or flowers
- The extraction method, usually steam distillation
- Batch-specific GC/MS information when available
- Country of origin
- Lot or batch number
- Transparent sourcing and testing
A pre-diluted neroli roll-on is not necessarily inferior. In fact, because neroli is expensive, a professionally diluted product can be a practical way to enjoy it. Just know whether you are buying pure essential oil or a finished dilution so you can dose it correctly.
8 Benefits of Neroli Essential Oil
When you see Citrus on a bottle of neroli essential oil, don't mistake it for the same old orange oil. I love orange oil as much as the next person, but when you pay a pretty penny to enjoy the luxury of neroli essential oil, you treat it like something special.
There's a reason people go through the trouble of harvesting specific blossoms at a specific time to make this oil. Traditional use is now being joined by human clinical research, especially in the areas of stress, menopause, anxiety, sleep, sexual health, blood pressure, and pain.
1. Neroli Oil May Help Reduce Stress, Anxiety, and Cortisol
One of neroli's strongest uses is nervous-system support.
In the randomized controlled trial featured in The Essential Oils Apothecary, 63 healthy postmenopausal women were assigned to inhale either 0.1% neroli, 0.5% neroli, or almond oil as a control for five minutes twice daily for five consecutive days. (1)
Compared with the control group, the neroli groups showed improvements in several outcomes, including menopausal quality-of-life scores and sexual desire. The 0.5% group had lower systolic blood pressure, and both neroli concentrations produced favorable changes in diastolic pressure. Cortisol and estrogen measurements also moved in favorable directions, although not every hormone outcome reached the same level of statistical significance. (1)
That distinction is important. The study supports neroli as a calming inhalation tool, but it does not prove that neroli “balances hormones” in every woman or functions as hormone replacement.
Neroli has also been studied outside menopause.
A double-blind placebo-controlled trial involving 140 patients hospitalized with acute coronary syndrome found that inhaled Citrus aurantium aroma reduced anxiety compared with placebo. These patients were dealing with a genuinely frightening cardiovascular event, making the anxiety finding especially meaningful. (6)
Application: Place 1 drop of neroli on a tissue, cotton pad, or inhalation strip and breathe normally for up to five minutes. Use once or twice daily for several days during a stressful season, then reassess.
For a personal inhaler, add 5 to 10 total drops of neroli alone or as part of a blend. Take one or two gentle inhalations as needed, up to three times daily. Stop if the aroma triggers headache, nausea, dizziness, coughing, or worsening anxiety.
2. Neroli Oil May Support Better Sleep
Sleep problems rarely exist in isolation. Stress, pain, hospital stays, menopause symptoms, grief, worry, hot flashes, and an overactive mind can all make it difficult to settle.
One frequently cited clinical trial studied 56 patients in an intensive care unit after percutaneous coronary intervention. The intervention used a 6:2:0.5 blend of lavender, Roman chamomile, and neroli. Patients receiving the blend experienced significantly lower anxiety and better sleep quality than those receiving conventional nursing care alone. (2)
This is meaningful human evidence, but it is evidence for a blend, not neroli by itself.
More recent research also continues to support bitter-orange blossom inhalation in sleep-focused women's-health studies, and a 2026 systematic review includes sleep quality among the areas where neroli or closely related Citrus aurantium flower preparations show promise. (4)
Application: Make an evening body oil with:
- 12 drops lavender essential oil
- 4 drops Roman chamomile essential oil
- 1 drop neroli essential oil
- 2 ounces carrier oil
Massage a small amount over the shoulders, upper back, feet, or arms after a warm shower. Use nightly for one to two weeks, then evaluate whether it is actually helping your sleep.
You can also diffuse 3 drops lavender, 1 drop Roman chamomile, and 1 drop neroli for about 30 minutes before bed. Turn the diffuser off when you go to sleep rather than running it continuously all night.
3. Neroli Oil May Encourage Emotional Intimacy and Sexual Desire
Stress and sexual desire are deeply connected.
When the nervous system is stuck in fight-or-flight mode, intimacy can feel like one more demand. That is why an oil known primarily for relaxation can still be relevant to sexual health.
In the 2014 randomized trial of postmenopausal women, both neroli groups improved sexual-desire scores compared with baseline, and the investigators concluded that neroli inhalation may help increase sexual desire while reducing menopausal stress. (1)
A systematic review of aromatherapy for menopausal sexual concerns likewise found limited but promising evidence for lavender, low-dose neroli, and mixed essential-oil interventions. (7)
In The Essential Oils Apothecary, we also teach combining neroli with fennel, geranium, lavender, and rose for a women's-health massage blend. The power of a blend is not that every oil has been proven to raise estrogen. It is that several oils can work together across stress, mood, comfort, sensuality, skin, and aroma.
Application: For an after-shower massage oil:
- 3 drops fennel essential oil
- 3 drops geranium essential oil
- 3 drops lavender essential oil
- 3 drops neroli essential oil
- 3 drops rose essential oil
- 1 ounce carrier oil
Massage a small amount over the shoulders, chest, abdomen, arms, or legs once daily or before intimacy.
This is a relatively concentrated adult body blend. Reduce the total essential oils when you are sensitive, using it over a large body area, or applying it repeatedly.
Sexual pain, new bleeding, persistent vaginal dryness, or a major unexplained change in libido deserves a broader evaluation rather than simply adding more oils.
4. Neroli Oil May Support Healthy Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Relaxation
Neroli is not a replacement for blood-pressure treatment, but its stress-modulating effects may make it a helpful part of a complete cardiovascular routine.
Two human studies are especially relevant.
First, the 2014 postmenopause trial found lower systolic blood pressure in the 0.5% neroli group and favorable diastolic changes in both neroli groups. (1)
Second, a study involving 83 adults with prehypertension or hypertension used a blend of lavender, ylang ylang, marjoram, and neroli in a 20:15:10:2 ratio. Participants in the essential-oil group inhaled the blend over a 24-hour period. Researchers reported improvements in ambulatory blood pressure and salivary cortisol compared with controls. (8)
This does not prove neroli alone was responsible for the effect. It supports neroli's place in a synergistic cardiovascular-calming blend.
Application: Prepare a master blend using the study ratio:
- 20 drops lavender essential oil
- 15 drops ylang ylang essential oil
- 10 drops marjoram essential oil
- 2 drops neroli essential oil
For a diffuser, use 3 to 5 total drops of the master blend according to the diffuser manufacturer's directions for about 30 minutes at a time.
For a personal inhaler, add 8 to 12 drops of the master blend to the wick and take one or two gentle inhalations once or twice daily.
If you take blood-pressure medication, continue monitoring as directed. Persistent readings at or above your personal treatment threshold, very high readings, chest pain, severe headache, weakness, confusion, or shortness of breath should not be treated as an aromatherapy problem.
5. Neroli Oil May Help Calm Mental Overstimulation
Neroli's chemistry helps explain why so many people describe it as calming.
One analyzed neroli oil contained approximately 28.5% linalool and 19.6% linalyl acetate, along with nerolidol, farnesol, alpha-terpineol, and other volatile constituents. Another authentic batch may differ substantially. (5)
Research into nervous-system mechanisms is intriguing but should be described carefully.
An animal study evaluating neroli's anticonvulsant activity found evidence suggesting involvement of the GABAergic system. GABA is one of the nervous system's major inhibitory signaling pathways and plays an important role in excitability, relaxation, and sleep. (9)
That does not prove that inhaling neroli increases GABA in the human brain or that it treats seizures. It gives researchers a plausible mechanism to investigate alongside the human anxiety findings.
This is where the clinical evidence is more useful than making biochemical promises. People with acute coronary syndrome, postmenopausal women, and ICU patients have all shown favorable anxiety or stress-related outcomes in trials using neroli alone or in blends. (1, 2, 6)
Application: Add 2 drops neroli and 3 drops lavender to a personal inhaler wick. Take one or two slow inhalations before a stressful meeting, during a mentally overstimulating afternoon, or as part of an evening wind-down routine.
Do not use essential oils as a substitute for antiseizure medication. Anyone with epilepsy or recurrent unexplained neurological symptoms should have an individualized essential-oil safety plan.
6. Neroli Oil May Help Soothe Pain and Inflammation
The pain-and-inflammation evidence for neroli has grown since this article was first written.
The foundational 2015 study tested neroli in mice and rats and found both antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity in acute and chronic experimental models. That study supports a biological mechanism, but it is preclinical evidence, not proof that a topical neroli blend treats human arthritis or chronic inflammatory disease. (10)
Human research is more encouraging now.
A 2022 randomized controlled trial found that neroli inhalation reduced anxiety and perceived pain during labor. A 2023 randomized clinical trial reported lower mild-to-moderate postoperative pain after orthopedic surgery with Citrus aurantium inhalation, and a 2025 double-blind clinical trial in 76 hand-reconstructive-surgery patients found that Citrus aurantium aromatherapy reduced postoperative pain while also influencing blood pressure. (11, 12, 13)
A 2026 systematic review now places pain in labor and dysmenorrhea among the more promising women's-health applications for neroli and related bitter-orange-flower preparations. (4)
The route matters. Several of these human studies used inhalation. They do not prove that rubbing neroli on an inflamed joint reproduces the same clinical result.
Application: For localized muscle or joint comfort, combine:
- 3 drops neroli essential oil
- 3 drops frankincense essential oil
- 3 drops lavender essential oil
- 2 tablespoons arnica-infused carrier oil
Massage a small amount over intact skin up to twice daily for one to two weeks, then reassess.
For menstrual discomfort, apply a small amount over the lower abdomen and pair the massage with slow breathing and warmth.
Stop if the blend causes skin irritation, headache, nausea, or increased discomfort. New severe pain, unexplained swelling, fever, neurological symptoms, chest pain, or persistent pelvic pain needs more than an essential-oil protocol.
7. Neroli Oil May Ease Menopause Symptoms
Not every woman struggles heavily with menopause, but for those who do, hot flashes, sleep disruption, stress, lower sexual desire, mood changes, and cardiovascular changes can significantly affect daily life.
Neroli is one of the most interesting essential oils for this life stage because the human research is directly focused on postmenopausal women.
The 2014 randomized controlled trial found that five minutes of neroli inhalation twice daily for five days improved several menopause-specific quality-of-life measures and sexual desire and produced favorable blood-pressure changes. (1)
A 2021 systematic review concluded that there was limited evidence supporting lavender or low-dose neroli for total menopausal symptoms and sexual desire, while emphasizing the need for more trials. (7)
Now, a 2026 systematic review focused specifically on neroli in obstetrics and gynecology reports broader potential across menopausal symptoms, sexual satisfaction, sleep, pain, anxiety, and other women's-health outcomes. The review is encouraging, but the underlying studies still vary in preparation, dose, route, and quality. (4)
That makes neroli a reasonable supportive option, not a promise that it corrects estrogen deficiency.
Use it especially when menopause symptoms have a strong stress, sleep, or emotional component.
Application: Create a personal inhaler with:
- 10 drops neroli essential oil
- 5 drops lavender essential oil
Take one or two gentle inhalations in the morning and again during a stressful or uncomfortable part of the day. Use for up to two weeks, then decide whether it is helping.
For an after-shower massage blend, use the fennel, geranium, lavender, neroli, and rose formula described above.
See more of our essential oils for stress relief, essential oils for sexual health, and natural blood-pressure support.
New bleeding after menopause, severe pelvic pain, a new breast mass, fainting, or persistent cardiovascular symptoms should never be explained away as “just hormones.”
8. Neroli Oil May Support Stomach Health and Gut Balance
This is the weakest of the eight benefits in terms of direct human evidence, so it is important to understand exactly what the research does and does not show.
A preliminary 2009 in vitro study evaluated several essential oils and compounds against organisms associated with intestinal dysbiosis. The researchers were looking for antimicrobial effects alongside relative tolerance by beneficial bacterial species. Neroli, caraway, lavender, and several other oils or constituents showed promising selectivity in the laboratory. (14)
That is interesting, but it does not prove that inhaling neroli or rubbing it on the abdomen changes the human gut microbiome.
The digestive use of a neroli belly blend is better understood in two ways:
- The topical massage itself can be relaxing.
- The aroma may support a calmer parasympathetic state, which can affect how comfortable digestion feels.
If future human trials show a microbiome effect, that will strengthen this application. For now, the direct gut-dysbiosis evidence remains laboratory-based.
Application: Combine:
- 3 drops neroli essential oil
- 3 drops ginger essential oil
- 3 drops peppermint essential oil
- 1 tablespoon carrier oil
Massage a small amount clockwise over the abdomen after meals as needed. Use for several days rather than indefinitely.
Peppermint can aggravate reflux in some people. Stop if you notice increased burning, nausea, cramping, skin irritation, or worsening digestive symptoms.
Persistent abdominal pain, blood in the stool, unexplained weight loss, repeated vomiting, severe constipation, or fever deserves proper evaluation.
How to Use Neroli Essential Oil Safely
Neroli essential oil is most often used by inhalation and diluted topical application. Because it is concentrated and expensive, you do not need much.
Inhalation
For stress, mood, sleep, menopause support, and emotional balance, inhalation is the route with the most directly relevant human research.
You can use:
- A diffuser
- A personal inhaler
- A cotton pad or tissue
- An inhalation strip
- Diffuser jewelry
For a diffuser, start with 2 to 5 total drops in a ventilated room for about 30 minutes. Take a fresh-air break before repeating.
For direct inhalation from a tissue or cotton pad, one drop is usually enough. Keep the oil away from the eyes and do not press a saturated material directly under the nostrils.
Topical Application
Neroli works beautifully in facial oils, body oils, massage blends, natural perfumes, and bedtime blends.
Carrier oils do more than make the essential oil weaker. They dilute and disperse essential oils, reduce evaporation, improve topical safety, help penetration, and can amplify therapeutic effects by keeping essential-oil constituents in contact with the skin longer.
Good carriers include:
- Jojoba
- Fractionated coconut oil
- Sweet almond oil
- Avocado oil
- Olive oil
For general adult body use, a 1% to 2% total essential-oil dilution is a reasonable starting range for repeated application.
For a 1% dilution in 1 ounce of carrier, use roughly 6 total drops of essential oil.
For a 2% dilution in 1 ounce of carrier, use roughly 12 total drops.
The exact drop count varies with the dropper and oil viscosity, so dilution charts are approximations rather than laboratory measurements.
Is Neroli Phototoxic?
Neroli is steam-distilled from the blossoms, not expressed from the peel. It is not treated like expressed bitter-orange peel oil in phototoxicity guidance.
Still, confirm what is actually in your bottle. A product simply labeled “orange blossom fragrance” or a blend containing expressed phototoxic citrus oils is not the same thing as pure neroli.
Skin Sensitivity
Do not apply concentrated neroli directly over large areas of skin.
Avoid the eyes, inner ears, mucous membranes, and broken or irritated skin. Patch test a diluted blend when you have highly reactive skin.
Stop topical use if you develop:
- Persistent redness
- Burning
- Swelling
- Hives
- Blistering
- Worsening eczema
Pregnancy, Breastfeeding, and Children
The 2026 systematic review includes emerging clinical research involving pregnancy, labor, postpartum and breastfeeding populations, which is encouraging. (4)
That does not mean every route, dose, or blend is appropriate throughout pregnancy.
Pregnancy studies usually involve carefully controlled inhalation protocols. They should not be converted automatically into high-dose topical or medicinal internal use.
When pregnant or breastfeeding, keep applications simple, use low concentrations, and choose oils and routes with specific safety data.
For children, the safest approach is age-appropriate inhalation or low topical dilution rather than copying adult formulas. Keep personal inhalers, undiluted oil, and diffuser water where children cannot drink or spill them.
Can I ingest essential oils?
Do not casually ingest essential oils in water or neat (undiluted). Internal use of essential oils requires proper dilution, product quality, dosing knowledge, and safety guidance. Learn more about how to ingest essential oils here.
This article does not prescribe medicinal internal use of neroli. Most of the strongest neroli-specific human research discussed here used inhalation.
Calming Oils to Blend with Neroli
The best application for neroli seems to be inhalation or properly diluted topical use. It's a light, floral fragrance that blends beautifully with relaxing, grounding, and emotionally supportive oils.
Try it with:
- Lavender
- Orange
- Geranium
- Roman chamomile
- Rose
- Clary sage
- Frankincense
- Sandalwood
- Ylang ylang
- Petitgrain
Simple Neroli Calm Diffuser Blend
- 2 drops lavender
- 1 drop neroli
- 1 drop Roman chamomile
Diffuse for about 30 minutes in a ventilated room.
Neroli Daytime Stress Inhaler
- 5 drops neroli
- 4 drops lavender
- 3 drops orange
Add to a personal inhaler wick. Take one or two gentle inhalations when needed, up to three times daily.
Neroli Evening Roll-On
- 2 drops neroli
- 2 drops lavender
- 1 drop Roman chamomile
- Carrier oil to fill a 10 ml roller bottle
Apply lightly to wrists, forearms, shoulders, or back of the neck before bed.
The original article suggested choosing 2 to 4 calming oils and adding 1 to 2 drops of each to a carrier oil, ultrasonic diffuser, or personal inhaler. Keep the total amount appropriate for the route. A diffuser recipe and a skin recipe should not automatically use the same concentration.
Neroli Essential Oil FAQs
What is neroli essential oil used for?
Neroli essential oil is most commonly used for stress and anxiety support, sleep blends, menopause symptoms, sexual and emotional well-being, cardiovascular relaxation, natural perfume, and diluted topical massage. Human studies are strongest for inhalation-based stress, menopause, anxiety, sleep-blend, blood-pressure, and pain applications.
What does neroli essential oil smell like?
Neroli has a sweet, floral, citrusy aroma. It is softer and more floral than orange peel oil and lighter than many heavy floral oils. Depending on the batch, you may notice green, honeyed, bitter, or slightly spicy undertones.
Is neroli the same as orange essential oil?
No. Neroli essential oil comes from bitter-orange blossoms, while orange essential oil usually comes from the peel. They may come from the same plant family, but they have different extraction methods, chemistry, aromas, costs, and common uses.
Is neroli the same as petitgrain?
No. Neroli comes from orange blossoms, while petitgrain is usually distilled from the leaves and twigs of the bitter-orange tree. Neroli smells more floral and luxurious, while petitgrain is greener, woodier, and sharper.
Why is neroli essential oil so expensive?
Genuine neroli is expensive because it takes a large amount of delicate orange blossoms to produce a small amount of oil, and harvesting those blossoms means they will not become fruit. Labor, narrow harvest timing, low oil yield, and careful distillation all contribute to the price.
How do you use neroli oil for stress?
Use one drop on a tissue or cotton pad for up to five minutes of inhalation, add it to a personal inhaler, or diffuse it with lavender or Roman chamomile. Human research in postmenopausal women used five minutes of inhalation twice daily for five days. (1)
Can you put neroli essential oil directly on your skin?
We recommend diluting neroli in a carrier oil for topical use rather than applying concentrated oil over the skin. For facial use or sensitive skin, use an especially low dilution and patch test first.
Is neroli essential oil safe during menopause?
Neroli has direct human research in healthy postmenopausal women. Inhalation improved several menopause-related outcomes, sexual desire, and blood-pressure measurements in a small short-term trial. A 2026 systematic review also considers neroli promising for menopausal and sexual-health support. (1, 4)
Does neroli lower cortisol?
The 2014 postmenopausal trial found favorable cortisol changes, but the study was small and short. A separate blood-pressure study using a blend that included neroli also found reduced salivary cortisol. Neroli can reasonably be described as supporting stress physiology, not as a guaranteed cortisol-lowering treatment. (1, 8)
Can neroli help with sleep?
Yes, neroli may be useful in a sleep blend. A clinical ICU study using lavender, Roman chamomile, and neroli improved sleep quality and anxiety. Because the intervention was a blend, we cannot assign the entire effect to neroli alone. (2)
Can neroli help with pain?
Research is increasingly supportive. Animal studies found antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity, while human studies of Citrus aurantium or neroli inhalation have reported reduced pain during labor and after surgery. These results support complementary pain use, not replacement of emergency or surgical pain care. (10, 11, 12, 13)
Does neroli improve the gut microbiome?
That has not been proven in humans. A preliminary laboratory study found promising selective antimicrobial effects relevant to intestinal dysbiosis, but no human trial has shown that neroli inhalation or topical application changes the gut microbiome. (14)
What oils blend well with neroli?
Neroli blends well with lavender, orange, geranium, Roman chamomile, rose, clary sage, ylang ylang, frankincense, sandalwood, bergamot, fennel, marjoram, petitgrain, mandarin, jasmine, myrrh, and copaiba.
- Choi SY, Kang P, Lee HS, Seol GH. “Effects of Inhalation of Essential Oil of Citrus aurantium L. var. amara on Menopausal Symptoms, Stress, and Estrogen in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2014;2014:796518. PubMed.
- Cho MY, Min ES, Hur MH, Lee MS. “Effects of Aromatherapy on the Anxiety, Vital Signs, and Sleep Quality of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Patients in Intensive Care Units.” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2013;2013:381381. PubMed.
- Zielinski E, Zielinski SA. The Essential Oils Apothecary: Advanced Strategies and Protocols for Chronic Disease and Conditions. New York: Rodale Books; 2021.
- Yilmaz S. “Therapeutic Potential of Neroli Essential Oil (Citrus aurantium) in Obstetrics and Gynecology: A Systematic Review.” Explore. 2026;22(4):103413. PubMed.
- Azanchi T, Shafaroodi H, Asgarpanah J. “Anticonvulsant Activity of Citrus aurantium Blossom Essential Oil (Neroli): Involvement of the GABAergic System.” Natural Product Communications. 2014. PubMed.
- Moslemi F, Alijaniha F, Naseri M, Kazemnejad A, Charkhkar M, Heidari MR. “Citrus aurantium Aroma for Anxiety in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial.” Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2019;25(8):833-839. PubMed.
- Lee HW, et al. “Aromatherapy for Managing Menopausal Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” 2021. PubMed.
- Kim IH, Kim C, Seong K, Hur MH, Lim HM, Lee MS. “Essential Oil Inhalation on Blood Pressure and Salivary Cortisol Levels in Prehypertensive and Hypertensive Subjects.” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2012;2012:984203. PubMed.
- Azanchi T, Shafaroodi H, Asgarpanah J. “Anticonvulsant Activity of Citrus aurantium Blossom Essential Oil (Neroli): Involvement of the GABAergic System.” 2014. PubMed.
- Khodabakhsh P, Shafaroodi H, Asgarpanah J. “Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Citrus aurantium L. Blossoms Essential Oil (Neroli): Involvement of the Nitric Oxide/cGMP Pathway.” Journal of Natural Medicines. 2015;69(3):324-331. PubMed.
- Scandurra C, et al. “The Effectiveness of Neroli Essential Oil in Relieving Anxiety and Perceived Pain in Women During Labor: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” 2022. PMC.
- Bargi S, Bahraminejad N, Jafari S. “The Effect of Aromatherapy With Citrus aurantium Aroma on Pain After Orthopedic Surgery: A Randomized Clinical Trial.” Journal of Caring Sciences. 2023;12(2):116-122. Full Text.
- Askari F, et al. “Effect of Citrus aurantium L. on Pain and Blood Pressure in Patients Undergoing Hand Reconstructive Surgery.” Pain Management. 2025;15(8):491-500. PubMed.
- Hawrelak JA, Cattley T, Myers SP. “Essential Oils in the Treatment of Intestinal Dysbiosis: A Preliminary In Vitro Study.” Alternative Medicine Review. 2009;14(4):380-384. PubMed.


