How to Distill Essential Oils at Home: Steam Distillation Guide

QUICK SUMMARY

Learning how to distill essential oils at home is possible with the right plant material, properly designed steam-distillation equipment, clean water, careful temperature control, and patience.

In steam distillation, water is heated in a separate reservoir, steam passes through aromatic plant material, and volatile compounds travel with the steam into a condenser. The cooled distillate contains both essential oil and hydrosol. Most essential oils separate from the water naturally, although some are denser than water and settle rather than float.

Home distillation gives you unusual control over the botanical identity, growing methods, harvest, and handling of the plants you use. It does not automatically guarantee purity or therapeutic quality. Yield and chemistry vary dramatically by species, plant part, freshness, growing conditions, equipment, packing density, steam rate, and distillation time, so there is no universal promise that a three-hour run will produce a certain number of milliliters.

Use an open or properly pressure-relieved system designed for botanical steam distillation, never seal a heated still, and keep careful records from batch to batch. If you plan to use the finished essential oil medicinally or internally, botanical identification, sanitation, appropriate testing, dosing knowledge, and route-specific safety still matter.

Learning how to distill essential oils isn't as hard as you may think. As their popularity and cost continue to increase, more people are looking into making their own not only to save money, but because home distillation gives you extraordinary control over what goes into the process.

Just like growing your own food, there is something empowering about knowing the plant, the soil, the harvest, the water, the equipment, and every step between garden and bottle.

I love that kind of self-sufficiency.

There is one distinction worth making right up front, though. Distilling your own oils can give you confidence in the identity and handling of your own plant material, but the act of home distillation by itself does not prove purity, potency, freedom from pesticide residue, or a specific therapeutic chemistry. Those depend on the plant, the process, sanitation, storage, and, when needed, laboratory testing.

That does not make home distillation less worthwhile. It makes learning the process even more fascinating.

Essential Oils Defined

Before we learn how to distill essential oils, let's take a peek and understand what they are and why you may want to DIY.

Essential oils are concentrated mixtures of volatile aromatic compounds obtained from plant material. Modern standards distinguish true essential oils from other aromatic extracts according to how they are produced. ISO 9235:2021 defines essential oils within the broader vocabulary of aromatic natural raw materials and recognizes distillation and mechanical expression of citrus peel among the established production methods. (1)

Essential oils can be produced from flowers, leaves, fruit peels, wood, bark, roots, seeds, grasses, resinous material, and other aromatic plant parts, depending on the botanical.

Also known as volatile oils because they evaporate readily, essential oils are generally lipophilic, or fat-loving, and hydrophobic, or water-repelling. They do not behave like fixed culinary oils such as olive oil or coconut oil. Most separate from water, dissolve readily in compatible lipids and solvents, and evaporate rather than leaving the same kind of oily residue a fixed oil leaves behind.

The word “essential” historically refers to the characteristic essence or aroma of the plant, not to an essential nutrient required for life.

Chemically, essential oils contain volatile secondary metabolites that plants produce for roles such as communication, defense, pollinator attraction, and environmental interaction. A single essential oil may contain dozens or even hundreds of detectable compounds, with the proportions changing according to genetics, growing conditions, harvest timing, plant maturity, processing, and distillation decisions.

Those differences matter.

A 2026 comparison of hydrodistillation and dry steam distillation across seven aromatic plants found that extraction method itself significantly changed the resulting chemical profiles. Lavender, peppermint, spearmint, sage, hyssop, yarrow, and spruce all showed systematic chemical differences according to the extraction process. (2)

That is one reason I have always emphasized that a bottle's botanical name matters, but the chemistry inside the bottle matters too.

Aromatic plant materials have been used medicinally and ceremonially for thousands of years. Virtually every culture dating back to antiquity used fragrant plants in sacred rituals, body care, ointments, perfumes, poultices, salves, infused oils, and tinctures.

Those ancient preparations were not necessarily modern distilled essential oils. Our Biblical ancestors, for example, worked heavily with resins, infused oils, spices, ointments, and aromatic preparations. Modern steam distillation gives us a much more concentrated volatile fraction than an infused olive oil would have contained.

And although essential oils are not nutritionally “essential,” I can think of no other plant-based tool I would rather have in my medicine cabinet and kitchen cupboard when used wisely.

Essential Oil Adulteration

Robert Pappas, PhD, chemist and founder of Essential Oils University, told me during our interview for my first Essential Oils Revolution telesummit that he estimated more than 75% of essential oils on the market were adulterated.

I have repeated that quote over the years because it reflects how seriously he viewed the quality problem.

It is important today, however, to treat that 75% figure as his expert estimate from that interview, not as a current audited statistic for the entire global essential-oil market. There is no authoritative worldwide surveillance program testing every brand and every oil.

What current research does confirm is that adulteration and major quality variation remain real concerns.

A 2026 study used GC-MS and chemometric analysis to evaluate four commercial lavender oils sold in the Egyptian market. The researchers found substantial differences among the products, including non-characteristic fatty-acid esters and synthetic glycols in some samples that suggested dilution or adulteration. (3)

Purity and adulteration are extremely important topics when considering which essential oils to buy and are two of the main reasons people want to learn how to distill essential oils.

Two myths are still worth debunking:

1. Purity does not guarantee a specific therapeutic effect. Even authentic oils vary from batch to batch because their constituent profiles vary.
2. Purity does not guarantee safety. A perfectly authentic essential oil can still irritate skin, interact with medication, trigger an allergy, or be inappropriate for a particular route, amount, age, or health condition.

If you try an oil and do not get the desired result, it doesn't necessarily mean that the oil is fake or not “pure.” It may be about the chemistry of that batch, the route, dose, timing, the condition you are addressing, or simply finding the oil that works best for you.

And don't believe the “detox” myth. If you apply essential oils straight, or neat, on your skin and experience a rash, bumps, swelling, itching, or burning, that is not evidence that the essential oil is cleansing your body of harmful toxins. It may be irritation, allergy, or sensitization.

Stop the exposure and treat a reaction as a reaction.

Does GC-MS Prove an Essential Oil Is Pure?

GC-MS, or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, is one of the most useful tools for identifying and quantifying volatile constituents in essential oils. It can reveal unexpected compounds, unusual constituent ratios, dilution signals, and other red flags.

It is powerful, but quality control is strongest when chemistry is combined with botanical identity, sourcing records, sensory evaluation, physical measurements, batch history, and, when indicated, additional analytical techniques.

The 2026 lavender study is a good example. The researchers did not simply glance at one compound. They combined GC-MS profiling with multivariate chemometric analysis to distinguish the products. (3)

When purchasing oils, I still want companies to be transparent about batch testing. When distilling at home, detailed records become your first quality-control system.

Sourcing & Contamination

Is organic necessary? Not necessarily.

I value organic growing methods, but certification is not the same thing as a guarantee that a finished essential oil contains zero detectable pesticide residues.

The USDA National Organic Program recognizes that unavoidable residual environmental contamination can occur. Under current regulations, a certified organic agricultural product may contain certain prohibited residues below the regulatory action threshold when the contamination was unavoidable rather than intentionally used. (4)

That is useful context for essential oils because plants can be exposed through drift, water, shared handling equipment, storage, or other environmental sources.

A 2025 analytical study developed a multiresidue method for essential oils and detected pesticide residues in a selection of commercially available oils from the Italian market, reinforcing the need for product-specific testing when residue exposure matters. (5)

Transfer into an essential oil depends on the exact pesticide and extraction process. Chemical volatility, lipophilicity, heat stability, plant location of the residue, and method of extraction all matter. It is too simplistic to say that every pesticide travels through steam distillation or that steam distillation removes all of them.

Cold-expressed citrus essential oils deserve special attention because the oil is mechanically obtained from the peel, where agricultural residues may be present. Researchers have specifically developed methods to detect multiple pesticide residues in citrus essential oils. (6)

Growing your own aromatic plants gives you extraordinary control over what you intentionally apply, which is one of the most compelling reasons to distill at home.

To check quality when buying essential oils, try answering these questions:

• Does the company have a relationship with its growers and distillers?
• Can the company readily supply a batch-specific GC-MS report for the oil it sells?
• Can the company provide a Safety Data Sheet when appropriate?
• Does the label identify the common name and Latin binomial?
• Does the company disclose the country or region of origin?
• Does it identify the plant part processed and the extraction method?
• Can it explain how the crop was grown, harvested, and handled?
• Does it test for contaminants relevant to that botanical and source?

For your own home-distilled oils, keep the same mindset. Label every batch with the botanical name, plant part, harvest date, fresh or dried status, distillation date, approximate biomass weight, run time, yield, and anything unusual you noticed.

How Essential Oils Are Made

Not all aromatic extracts are steam distilled, and technically not every fragrant plant extract is an “essential oil” in the same sense.

Here's a quick breakdown of the most common extraction methods.

CO2 Extraction

Supercritical fluid extraction uses carbon dioxide under temperature and pressure conditions where it behaves as a supercritical fluid. In that state, CO2 can penetrate plant material and dissolve selected aromatic and lipophilic constituents.

When the pressure is released, the carbon dioxide separates from the extract rather than remaining as a conventional solvent residue.

The result is generally called a CO2 extract, not a steam-distilled essential oil. The chemistry can be broader than the volatile fraction captured through steam distillation because supercritical extraction may collect less-volatile compounds as well.

A 2024 peppermint study directly comparing hydrodistillation with supercritical CO2 extraction found differences in yield and chemical composition between the two methods. (7)

Distillation

Steam distillation is one of the most common methods for essential-oil production. Water distillation, water-and-steam distillation, dry steam distillation, and vacuum-assisted variations are also used.

With steam distillation, steam moves through the aromatic biomass and helps volatilize compounds that can travel with the water vapor. The vapor mixture enters a condenser and becomes liquid again.

The condensate usually separates into:

• Essential oil: The concentrated hydrophobic volatile fraction
• Hydrosol: The aromatic water containing dissolved water-soluble volatile constituents and minute amounts of essential-oil components

Hydrosol is not simply “leftover water.” It has its own chemical profile and uses. You can learn more about what hydrosols are here.

Expression

Expression, often called cold pressing, is used primarily for citrus peels.

Mechanical equipment ruptures oil glands in the rind and separates the aromatic oil from peel material, juice, and water. At one point in history this could be done manually using sponges, but commercial production is now mechanized.

Citrus oils can also be distilled, but expressed and distilled citrus oils can have noticeably different chemical profiles and aromas. That matters for both therapeutic applications and phototoxicity because some nonvolatile furanocoumarins found in expressed oils do not transfer the same way through distillation.

Solvent Extraction

Solvent extraction is often used for delicate flowers and aromatic materials whose fragrance is difficult to capture efficiently through steam.

Modern production may use solvents such as hexane or ethanol. A solvent extraction of flowers first produces a waxy, fragrant material called a concrete. Further alcohol processing can separate much of the wax and yield an absolute.

Rose, jasmine, tuberose, and other delicate aromatics are commonly encountered as absolutes.

Our Biblical ancestors also extracted fragrant compounds into olive oil and other fats. I love that connection, but technically those ancient infused oils were not the same thing as a modern solvent-extracted absolute or steam-distilled essential oil. They were aromatic botanical extracts made with the technology available to them.

How to Distill Essential Oils at Home

If you get the right kit, learning how to distill essential oils is not hard at all. Like anything, it takes some time, careful observation, and getting used to. Once you understand the equipment and your plants, it becomes much more intuitive.

What I would not promise is a universal cost, three-hour runtime, or 3-4 ml yield.

Research shows why. In lavender, changing distillation time changed both yield and the relative concentrations of cineole, fenchol, camphor, and linalyl acetate. Maximum yield in one experiment was reached around 60 minutes, while the concentrations of individual constituents peaked at different times. (8)

A rosemary experiment found the same principle: fresh versus dried biomass and distillation duration both changed the oil yield and chemical composition, and extending the run beyond a certain point did not necessarily produce more oil. (9)

Your yield depends on:

• Botanical species and chemotype
• Plant part
• Fresh versus dried biomass
• Harvest timing
• Growing conditions
• Amount and density of biomass
• Still design and capacity
• Steam rate
• Condensing efficiency
• Distillation duration

Some home runs will produce several milliliters. Some botanicals can produce very little. The hydrosol may end up being the larger and equally exciting part of your harvest.

The 7 Basic Steps to Steam Distillation

1. Create steam. Heat clean water in the boiler or water reservoir according to the still manufacturer's instructions.
2. Pass steam through the plant biomass. The heat and steam penetrate the plant material, releasing and volatilizing aromatic constituents from glands, ducts, resinous structures, and plant tissues.
3. Carry volatile compounds with the steam. The essential-oil constituents that can co-distill travel with the water vapor toward the condenser. Nonvolatile plant matter largely remains behind rather than “rising with the steam.”
4. Condense the vapor. Cooling water in the condenser removes heat from the vapor mixture and turns it back into liquid distillate.
5. Separate the essential oil. The hydrophobic essential-oil phase separates from the water phase. Many oils float because they are less dense than water, but some essential oils or constituent-rich fractions can be heavier and settle. Use a separator designed for the oil you are distilling.
6. Collect the hydrosol. The remaining aromatic water contains dissolved water-soluble volatile compounds and trace essential-oil constituents. It is a useful product in its own right.
7. Label, evaluate, and store the batch. Record your run data and store the essential oil in an appropriate clean container. Laboratory testing is optional for personal experimentation but becomes increasingly important when you need to verify composition, contaminants, identity, or suitability for a higher-risk use.

1. Preparing Biomass

• Correctly identify the plant before harvesting.
• Use the plant part appropriate for that essential oil.
• Remove dirt, diseased material, insects, and foreign matter.
• Break up plant matter when appropriate, but not so finely that it falls through the basket or obstructs the vapor path.
• Record whether the biomass is fresh, wilted, or dried because that can affect both yield and chemistry.

2. Filling the Water Reservoir

• Follow the fill range specified by your equipment manufacturer rather than assuming every flask should be filled to the same level.
• For the original 2-liter glass setup discussed here, roughly one-half to two-thirds full has worked as a practical starting point when consistent with the equipment instructions.
• Use a funnel to reduce spills.
• Filtered or distilled water is preferred for cleaner, more repeatable distillation.
• Never allow a boiler designed to contain water to run dry.

3. Adding Plant Matter to the Biomass Flask

• Fill the biomass chamber evenly.
• A wooden dowel rod can help settle bulky leaves and flowers into the flask.
• Do not pack so tightly that steam cannot move evenly through the plant material.
• Avoid large channels where steam can bypass most of the biomass.

You are looking for good contact between steam and plant material, not a compressed plug.

4. Preparing the Receiver

Use a clean receiver or separator compatible with the design of your still.

Some small glass systems use a graduated receiver or separator that is prepared with distilled water according to the manufacturer instructions so that tiny essential-oil volumes can be visualized and collected efficiently.

Follow the kit design rather than assuming that every receiver must be preloaded. Essential oil is not automatically “lost as hydrosol” when distilled water is absent. The oil and hydrosol are separate phases, although very small amounts of essential-oil constituents can remain dissolved or dispersed in the hydrosol.

5. Reusing Hydrosols

Some home distillers experiment with using hydrosol from a previous run as part of the boiler water for a later distillation, particularly when working with the same botanical.

This is an advanced technique, not a proven shortcut to higher essential-oil yield.

Hydrosols are water-based and can support microbial growth. Research on rose and orange-blossom hydrosols found that they can support heterogeneous spoilage microbiota even though they are acidic and contain aromatic compounds. (10)

If you experiment with this technique:

• Use only a hydrosol whose botanical identity and handling history you know.
• Keep unpreserved hydrosol refrigerated before reuse.
• Do not use a hydrosol that is cloudy, stringy, fizzy, musty, fermented, or otherwise changed.
• Use it promptly rather than saving old hydrosol indefinitely.
• Keep detailed notes because recycled distillate may change the aroma or chemistry of the next batch.

For the most repeatable beginner batches, fresh distilled water is the simplest baseline.

6. Watch the Run, Not the Clock

It may take 20, 30, or more minutes for a small home setup to begin producing distillate, depending on starting water temperature, heater power, biomass, ambient temperature, and apparatus size.

Likewise, the run may last well under three hours or considerably longer.

Instead of distilling every plant for exactly three hours, learn the pattern of that botanical. Record when distillate begins, when most of the essential oil is collected, and when extending the run no longer produces enough oil or desirable hydrosol to justify the extra energy.

Tips on Finding a Home Distillation Kit

Finding a home distillation kit isn't that hard. The better question is whether the kit is designed in a way that helps you work safely, cleanly, and consistently.

Keep these tips in mind:

• Choose equipment designed for botanical steam distillation. A small glass vertical system is wonderful for learning because you can see what is happening, but properly designed stainless-steel and copper stills are also used successfully.
• Prefer an open-to-atmosphere or properly pressure-relieved design. A steam-distillation apparatus should never become a sealed pressure vessel unless it was specifically engineered, rated, and operated for pressure. A 2023 laboratory safety report described a distillation fire associated with pressure buildup after a valve closed, illustrating why the vapor path must remain safe. (11)
• Separate boiler and biomass chambers are useful. This allows steam to pass through the plant material without immersing the biomass in boiling water and makes classic steam distillation easier to control.
• Look for good condenser capacity. Vapor escaping the condenser means aromatic material is being lost and creates an unnecessary exposure and fire concern.
• Use a practical separator or receiver. A receiver that lets you observe and draw off the oil and hydrosol can save the extra transfer step required with a simple catch vessel.
• Account for oils heavier than water. Do not assume every essential oil will float. The separator needs to work with the density of the oil you are collecting.
• Choose replaceable components. Clamps, tubing, joints, seals, heating elements, condenser fittings, and receivers eventually need maintenance.
• Buy enough capacity for your plants. A tiny laboratory still is fun for learning, but oil yield can be frustratingly small when a botanical requires a large amount of biomass.

One technical correction is worth making here. An atmospheric water boiler operates near the boiling point of water at the local atmospheric pressure. At sea level that is about 100°C, but altitude changes the boiling temperature. You do not need to chase an “exactly 100°C” number to know your still is working.

Will Home Distillation Save Money?

It can, especially when you already grow abundant aromatic plants and you value the hydrosol as well as the essential oil.

But I would not promise that every home still “pays for itself quickly.”

Run the numbers based on:

• Equipment cost
• Plant material or garden space
• Water and energy
• Your time
• Actual oil yield from the botanical
• Replacement glassware or parts
• Whether you would otherwise purchase the hydrosol

For me, the value is bigger than the price per milliliter. You learn the plant in an entirely different way.

Home Distillation Safety & Storage

Home essential-oil distillation combines boiling water, steam, hot glass or metal, concentrated aromatic compounds, and sometimes fragile equipment. Treat it like real laboratory-style work, even when you are doing it in your kitchen, workshop, or homestead space.

Before You Turn on the Heat

• Read the entire equipment manual.
• Inspect glass for chips, stars, cracks, and stressed joints.
• Confirm that hoses are secure and cooling water can flow freely.
• Make sure the vapor path is open and cannot become accidentally sealed.
• Stabilize stands, clamps, receivers, and condenser tubing before heating.
• Keep children and pets away from the apparatus.
• Keep flammable solvents and open flames away from collected essential oils.
• Use heat-resistant gloves and appropriate eye protection when handling hot equipment.
• Never leave an active still unattended.

Do not loosen hot glass joints, open a heated reservoir, or disassemble the apparatus until the system has cooled and you know it is not under pressure.

Store the Essential Oil Correctly

Transfer finished essential oil into a clean, dry, tightly closed bottle that limits unnecessary light and air exposure. Label it immediately with:

• Common name
• Latin binomial
• Plant part
• Distillation date
• Batch number
• Fresh or dried biomass
• Approximate yield

Keep it cool and protected from light. Oxygen, heat, and light can change essential-oil chemistry over time.

Store the Hydrosol Like a Water-Based Product

Hydrosol needs different handling.

It is mostly water, and home distillation does not give you a validated commercial shelf life.

Bottle hydrosol in clean containers, refrigerate unpreserved home-distilled hydrosol, keep handling to a minimum, and discard it if you notice cloudiness, strings, sediment, unexpected pressure, fizzing, color change, or an altered odor.

Do not assume that the antimicrobial reputation of the plant makes the hydrosol self-preserving.

Essential Oil Distillation FAQs

Can you really make essential oils at home?

Yes. A botanical steam-distillation kit can produce genuine essential oil and hydrosol from appropriate aromatic plants. The amount of essential oil may be small, especially with low-yield botanicals, but the process is the same basic physical principle used at larger scale.

What plants are easiest to distill at home?

Aromatic plants with relatively accessible essential-oil glands and enough available biomass are the most satisfying starting place. Lavender, peppermint, spearmint, rosemary, lemon balm, conifer needles, and similar garden aromatics are common learning plants, although yields vary greatly.

How much plant material does it take to make essential oil?

There is no universal plant-to-oil ratio. Oil content varies enormously among species and plant parts. Record the weight of your biomass and finished oil so you can calculate the real yield from your own garden and still.

How long does essential-oil distillation take?

It depends on the plant and equipment. Research on lavender and rosemary demonstrates that useful collection windows differ by botanical and that extending the distillation may change chemistry without always adding meaningful yield. (8, 9)

Is home-distilled essential oil automatically pure?

Home distillation gives you control over your source plant and process, which is a major advantage. It does not prove the absence of pesticides, environmental contaminants, a misidentified plant, equipment contamination, or an unusual chemical profile. Analytical testing is needed when you need objective verification.

What is the difference between essential oil and hydrosol?

Essential oil is the concentrated hydrophobic volatile fraction collected during distillation. Hydrosol is the aromatic water phase containing dissolved water-soluble volatile compounds and minute amounts of essential-oil constituents. They are related products but not interchangeable.

Why is my essential oil not floating?

Most familiar essential oils are less dense than water and float, but not all do. Density depends on the botanical and chemical composition. Use a separator designed to recover either lighter-than-water or heavier-than-water oils.

Should I use fresh or dried plants?

That depends on the botanical and your goal. Fresh versus dried biomass can change yield and chemical profile. Rosemary research found measurable differences between fresh and dried material, which is why keeping batch records is so important. (9)

Do I need GC-MS testing for home-distilled oil?

Not necessarily for learning, diffusing, or evaluating a clearly identified personal batch. GC-MS becomes more important when you need objective chemistry, want to compare batches, are troubleshooting a suspected contaminant, plan to sell the oil, or intend to use it in a way where constituent-specific dosing or safety matters.

Can I ingest essential oils?

Do not casually ingest essential oils in water or neat (undiluted). Internal use of essential oils requires proper dilution, product quality, dosing knowledge, and safety guidance. Learn more about how to ingest essential oils here.

Final Thoughts on Learning How to Distill Essential Oils

Definitely not for everyone, learning how to distill essential oils is an empowering experience. It takes your self-sufficiency and DIY experience to another level.

You begin to appreciate just how much plant material goes into a tiny bottle. You see how steam rate, harvest timing, biomass, and patience affect the finished oil. And you end up with two beautiful gifts from the process: essential oil and hydrosol.

The biggest lesson is that distillation is not magic. It is stewardship, chemistry, agriculture, and craftsmanship working together.

God put remarkable aromatic chemistry inside these plants. Learning to capture it well gives you a whole new appreciation for creation.

I wholeheartedly encourage you to try it, keep careful notes, learn one botanical at a time, and keep us posted. Leave a comment below and share your own home-distilling tips!

References

1. International Organization for Standardization. ISO 9235:2021 Aromatic Natural Raw Materials: Vocabulary. ISO.
2. Léva N, Gál E. “Impact of Extraction Scale and Method on the Chemical Profile of Essential Oils: A Comparative Study Between Laboratory Hydrodistillation and Semi-Industrial Dry Steam Distillation.” Molecules. 2026;31(12):2105. PubMed.
3. Abouelela MB, El-Taher EM, Shawky EM, Baky MH. “Uncovering Adulteration and Quality Variations in Commercial Lavender Essential Oils From the Egyptian Market Using GC-MS and Chemometrics.” Scientific Reports. 2026;16:12735. PubMed.
4. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Marketing Service. “National Organic Program: Inspection and Testing, Reporting, and Exclusion From Sale.” 7 CFR §205.671. eCFR.
5. Stefanelli P, et al. “Determination of Pesticide Residues in Essential Oils and Preliminary Human Risk Assessment.” Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A. 2025. PubMed.
6. Barrek S, Paisse O, Grenier-Loustalot MF. “Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Essential Oils of Citrus Fruit by GC-MS and HPLC-MS After Solid-Phase Extraction.” Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2003;376(2):157-161. PubMed.
7. Abbas A, Anwar F, Ahmad N, et al. “GC-MS Analysis and Nutra-Pharmaceutical Potential of Mentha piperita Essential Oil Extracted by Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Hydro-Distillation.” Heliyon. 2024;10(16):e35282. PubMed.
8. Zheljazkov VD, Cantrell CL, Astatkie T, Jeliazkova E. “Distillation Time Effect on Lavender Essential Oil Yield and Composition.” Journal of Oleo Science. 2013;62(4):195-199. PubMed.
9. Zheljazkov VD, Astatkie T, Jeliazkova E. “Method for Attaining Rosemary Essential Oil With Differential Composition From Dried or Fresh Material.” Journal of Oleo Science. 2015;64(5):485-496. PubMed.
10. Labadie C, Ginies C, Guinebretiere MH, Renard CMGC, Cerutti C, Carlin F. “Hydrosols of Orange Blossom and Rose Flower Support the Growth of a Heterogeneous Spoilage Microbiota.” Food Research International. 2015;76(Pt 3):576-586. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2015.07.014.
11. Ding Y, et al. “Lesson Learned From a Fire During Distillation: Choose the Right Equipment and Keep the System Open.” ACS Chemical Health & Safety. 2023;30(2):49-52. doi:10.1021/acs.chas.2c00053.