10 Symptoms of Leaky Gut Syndrome: Natural Healing Solutions

QUICK SUMMARY

Leaky gut syndrome is the popular term for increased intestinal permeability or intestinal barrier dysfunction. The intestinal lining is supposed to be selectively permeable: it absorbs nutrients, water, and electrolytes while limiting the passage of microbes, microbial products, and larger antigens. When that barrier is disrupted, tight-junction regulation, mucus, immune signaling, and the gut microbiome can all be affected. (1, 2)

The symptoms most directly connected with intestinal barrier problems are gastrointestinal complaints such as bloating, abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, and other digestive symptoms. Fatigue, brain fog, mood changes, skin problems, food reactions, joint pain, and metabolic or autoimmune concerns may occur alongside gut dysfunction, but they are not specific enough to diagnose leaky gut by themselves. Current research connects intestinal hyperpermeability with conditions including inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, some forms of IBS, obesity and metabolic dysfunction, autoimmune disease, and stress-related inflammatory pathways, while emphasizing that cause-and-effect is not established for every association. (1, 3, 5)

Our Natural Living Family approach is to support the gut barrier by reducing inflammatory and personally reactive foods, minimizing unnecessary toxic exposures, eating a clean whole-food diet rich in fiber and bioactive foods, addressing infections or dysbiosis when present, supporting the mucosal layer, managing stress, exercising wisely, and using strain-specific probiotics when they fit the need.

There is no single universally accepted medical test or one-size-fits-all “leaky gut cure.” The goal is to identify what is damaging the gut, remove what you reasonably can, nourish the barrier, and rebuild health from the inside out.

If you have been doing everything you can to feel better but still cannot get traction, the gut is worth looking at.

That does not mean every headache, rash, mood change, autoimmune condition, or stubborn pound is automatically caused by “leaky gut.” It means the intestinal barrier is a major interface between the outside world and your internal immune system, and when it is compromised, the effects can extend beyond digestion.

Research on intestinal permeability has matured considerably. “Leaky gut syndrome” is still not a formal stand-alone diagnosis in conventional medicine, but increased intestinal permeability is a measurable physiological phenomenon and a well-studied feature of several gastrointestinal and systemic conditions. (1, 2)

For us, the practical question is not whether the phrase is fashionable. The question is: what is damaging the gut barrier, and what can we do to support God's design for repair?

Have These Leaky Gut Symptoms?

Are you familiar with the symptoms people often associate with leaky gut syndrome?

The symptoms most directly connected with intestinal barrier problems are digestive: bloating, abdominal pain or discomfort, diarrhea, distension, nausea, and other gastrointestinal complaints. A 2024 Mayo Clinic review noted that these are among the symptoms most commonly attributed to leaky gut, while also emphasizing that “leaky gut syndrome” is not currently accepted as a formal diagnosis and that symptoms alone cannot tell you whether intestinal permeability is increased. (1)

Other complaints often travel with poor gut health:

• Feeling foggy
• Feeling anxious or moody
• Fatigue
• Joint or body aches
• Food reactions or sensitivities
• Skin problems
• Bloating, gas, constipation, or diarrhea
• Trouble sleeping

Maybe several of these sound familiar.

Here is the important distinction: fatigue, brain fog, anxiety, itching, joint pain, skin problems, and weight changes are not diagnostic symptoms of intestinal permeability. They can have many causes. But when they occur alongside persistent digestive symptoms, a history of gut infection, inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, medication exposure, or significant dysbiosis, your digestive health deserves a closer look. (1, 3)

The gut is also one of the body's largest immune interfaces. Gut-associated lymphoid tissue is commonly estimated to contain roughly 70% of the body's immune cells, helping the immune system decide what to tolerate and what to fight. (6)

So it makes sense that gut-barrier disruption and immune activation can influence one another.

Have you improved your diet, started exercise, worked on your mindset, practiced relaxation techniques, and cleaned up your lifestyle, but still feel stuck?

Your gut may be one piece of the puzzle.

The key to feeling better often starts with supporting your digestive tract, calming unnecessary inflammation, identifying true triggers, and giving the intestinal barrier what it needs to function well.

Leaky Gut Syndrome Explained

Leaky gut, or increased intestinal permeability, involves dysfunction of the intestinal barrier.

Your gut is not supposed to be completely sealed. It is designed for selective permeability. Water, electrolytes, and digested nutrients must cross the intestinal lining, while the barrier limits excessive passage of microbes, bacterial products, and larger antigens.

That barrier includes several layers working together:

• Intestinal epithelial cells
• Tight junctions between those cells
• The protective mucus layer
• Antimicrobial compounds
• Gut microbes
• Local immune cells

Tight junctions are dynamic structures, not concrete walls. They open and close in a tightly regulated way. When inflammation, infection, medications, severe physiological stress, dysbiosis, or other insults disturb that regulation, paracellular permeability can increase. (2, 3)

I used to describe this as “micro-tears” in the intestine because it is an easy picture to understand. The science is more precise than that. In many cases, the problem is not a literal tear. It is impaired barrier regulation, changes in tight-junction proteins, altered mucus, epithelial damage, or increased transport across the intestinal lining.

When the barrier is compromised, microbial products such as lipopolysaccharide, bacteria or bacterial fragments, and food antigens may have greater access to immune tissue and, in some settings, the systemic circulation. That can activate inflammatory pathways. (2, 4)

This is important: conventional medicine may not always use “leaky gut syndrome” as a formal diagnosis, but intestinal permeability and gut-barrier dysfunction are legitimate areas of medical research.

A 2024 clinical review summarized the current state well: the physiology is real, but there is still no universally accepted clinical definition, single diagnostic test, or established treatment guideline for a stand-alone “leaky gut syndrome.” (2)

That means we should take gut-barrier health seriously without pretending every chronic symptom can be traced to one unproven diagnosis.

What Makes Your Gut Leak

There is no single cause of increased intestinal permeability.

Some factors have much stronger human evidence than others. Conditions and exposures linked with intestinal barrier dysfunction include:

• Celiac disease and gluten exposure in people with celiac disease
• Inflammatory bowel disease, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis
• Gastrointestinal infections and food poisoning
• NSAID use, especially repeated or high exposure
• Alcohol excess
• Severe physiological stress, including critical illness and major burns
• Psychological stress, which can influence microbiota, mucus, tight junctions, and inflammatory signaling
• Dysbiosis, meaning a disrupted gut microbial ecosystem
• High-fat, highly processed dietary patterns in some research settings
• Chemotherapy and abdominal radiation
• Other diseases that directly inflame or injure the gastrointestinal tract

(1, 3, 4, 5)

Our Natural Living Family gut-healing strategy also minimizes refined sugar, pesticides, unnecessary medications, plastics, and other toxic exposures wherever practical. We continue to recommend removing gluten and dairy during many gut-reset protocols, particularly when they clearly provoke symptoms.

The evidence strength is not identical for every item on that list.

For example, a 2024 systematic review found that glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides altered microbiota, intestinal permeability, mucus, and intestinal structure in animal models. That gives us another reason to minimize unnecessary pesticide exposure, but it does not prove that ordinary dietary glyphosate exposure is a demonstrated cause of leaky gut in humans. (7)

The same caution applies to many environmental chemicals: laboratory and animal studies can identify plausible mechanisms, but they should not automatically be converted into human disease claims.

What About Gluten and Dairy?

Gluten deserves its own explanation because the internet often turns a complicated subject into an absolute.

For people with celiac disease, gluten is clearly a disease trigger and intestinal barrier dysfunction is part of the disease process.

A foundational human tissue study found that gliadin stimulated zonulin release and increased intestinal permeability in intestinal tissue from both celiac and non-celiac participants, but the response was greater and more prolonged in celiac tissue. (9)

That is meaningful evidence. It does not prove that eating gluten causes persistent clinically important leaky gut in every healthy person.

Our ministry recommendation remains more conservative than that. We often remove gluten during a gut-healing season because many people discover that they feel and function better without it, and all of Mama Z's core recipes are intentionally gluten-free.

Dairy is even more individual. Fermented dairy may support the microbiome in people who tolerate it, while milk protein allergy, lactose intolerance, and personal sensitivity are legitimate reasons to avoid it. We still use dairy-free protocols frequently, but I would describe that as our practical natural-health approach rather than a universal scientific rule that all dairy damages tight junctions.

Children and Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction

Older literature connected abnormal intestinal permeability with a long list of pediatric conditions.

Current evidence supports studying barrier dysfunction in celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, food allergy, asthma, type 1 diabetes, infections, and other inflammatory conditions. Associations have also been reported in autism-spectrum research, but the findings do not establish intestinal permeability as a cause of autism and should not be presented that way. (3)

The practical takeaway is simple: persistent digestive symptoms, poor growth, chronic diarrhea, blood in stool, significant food reactions, or unexplained inflammatory symptoms in a child deserve proper evaluation rather than a self-diagnosis of leaky gut.

How Leaky Gut Symptoms Cause Whole-Body Problems

With a compromised intestinal barrier, symptoms can extend beyond the gastrointestinal tract.

But this is where we need to be especially careful with cause-and-effect.

The following problems have all been discussed in connection with gut dysbiosis, intestinal permeability, or gut-barrier dysfunction:

1. Gastrointestinal issues, including bloating, gas, diarrhea, constipation, abdominal discomfort, and some forms of IBS
2. Autoimmune and inflammatory diseases
3. Allergy and asthma
4. Depression, anxiety, and stress-related mood problems
5. Brain fog and cognitive complaints
6. Inflammatory bowel diseases, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis
7. Metabolic and blood-sugar disorders
8. Eczema, psoriasis, acne, and other skin conditions
9. Sleep problems
10. Obesity and metabolic dysfunction

These are associations and overlapping disease pathways, not a diagnostic checklist. A person does not have leaky gut simply because he or she has depression, eczema, diabetes, obesity, an autoimmune condition, or insomnia.

Current research does continue to highlight the intestinal barrier as a potential contributor to systemic inflammation. When dysbiosis and barrier dysfunction occur together, microbial products can gain greater access to immune tissue and influence inflammatory pathways beyond the gut. (3, 4)

Stress is one of the most interesting areas.

A 2024 review in Biological Psychiatry described a brain-to-gut-to-brain pathway in which stress can alter the gut microbiota, compromise tight-junction integrity, increase bacterial or bacterial-product translocation, and modify systemic inflammation. The authors connected these pathways with stress-related psychiatric disorders, including some cases of depression. (5)

So if you are dealing with gut symptoms and mood symptoms at the same time, you are not imagining that the systems communicate.

At the same time, fixing permeability alone has not been proven to cure the many diseases associated with barrier dysfunction. Human clinical reviews specifically caution against that leap. (1)

That is why our goal is whole-person healing rather than chasing one biomarker.

Most Common Co-Morbidities of Leaky Gut

If you think intestinal barrier dysfunction may be part of your health picture, here are five areas worth discussing with your healthcare provider.

1. Skin Disorders

The gut-skin axis has been discussed for decades, and newer reviews continue to connect microbiome changes, immune signaling, diet, and intestinal barrier function with inflammatory skin conditions. (15)

That includes research involving acne, psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis.

While many conventional approaches focus on the skin itself, our Natural Living Family approach also asks what is happening underneath the surface: food triggers, microbiome balance, bowel function, stress, inflammation, and toxic burden.

See our natural skin-care recipes for topical support.

But do not assume that every rash is caused by a leaky gut or that “fixing the gut” will automatically resolve a diagnosed skin disease.

2. Mood Disorders and Depression

The gut and brain communicate continuously through neural, immune, endocrine, and microbial pathways.

Older research connected markers of bacterial translocation and inflammation with depression and chronic fatigue. More current work has strengthened the broader gut-brain model while making the causal language more careful.

The 2024 Biological Psychiatry review describes preclinical and clinical evidence that stress can change the microbiome, jeopardize intestinal tight junctions, increase translocation of bacteria or bacterial products, and influence systemic inflammation relevant to some stress-related psychiatric disorders. (5)

Put simply, what happens in your gut does not always stay in your gut.

But depression is not simply “caused by leaky gut.” Mental health is complex, and gut support should complement, not replace, appropriate mental-health care.

3. Digestive Disorders

This is where the link is most direct.

Intestinal permeability changes have been documented in inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, infectious gastroenteritis, and subsets of people with IBS. (1, 3)

If the intestinal lining is inflamed or damaged, digestion and nutrient absorption can also suffer. However, nutrient deficiencies such as vitamin B12, iron, zinc, or magnesium deficiency are usually better understood in the context of the underlying digestive disease, diet, or malabsorption rather than blamed on “leaky gut” alone.

Support digestion with real food, good chewing, appropriate digestive enzymes when indicated, hydration, regular bowel movements, and a healthy microbiome.

For people who tolerate them, fermented foods can be valuable. We also emphasize allergy-friendly, anti-inflammatory recipes. All of Mama Z's core recipes are dairy-free and gluten-free because that is the foundation we have chosen for our family and ministry.

A 2024 systematic review of human dietary studies found that diet can alter intestinal permeability, but the evidence is heterogeneous and does not support one universal “leaky gut diet” for every healthy person. (14)

4. Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Inflammatory bowel disease is not the same thing as IBS.

Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are inflammatory bowel diseases in which intestinal barrier dysfunction is well documented. Increased permeability has also been described in clinically healthy relatives of some people with Crohn's disease, supporting the idea that genetics and barrier function can interact. (3)

Zinc is one nutrient worth paying attention to. A small clinical study in people with Crohn's disease in remission and abnormal permeability found that eight weeks of zinc supplementation improved lactulose-to-mannitol permeability measurements in most participants. This was a small disease-specific study, not a reason for everyone with digestive symptoms to take high-dose zinc. See our guide to zinc deficiency and gut health for the bigger picture.

If you have Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis, work with your gastroenterology team. Supporting the gut barrier can be part of the plan, but it should not replace treatment needed to control intestinal inflammation.

5. Autoimmune Disorders

The relationship between the intestinal barrier and immune tolerance is one of the most important areas of leaky-gut research.

Zonulin became a major part of this conversation after Alessio Fasano's work describing it as a physiological regulator of tight junctions involved in the movement of macromolecules and immune tolerance. (8)

Researchers have explored zonulin and intestinal permeability in celiac disease, type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and other autoimmune conditions.

One older but influential human tissue study found that gliadin stimulated zonulin release and increased permeability in intestinal samples from both celiac and non-celiac participants, with a more pronounced and prolonged response in celiac disease. (9)

This finding is often simplified online into “gluten makes everyone's gut leak.” That goes beyond what the study proved.

Our ministry still takes gluten seriously. We recommend a gluten-free foundation for many families, especially when autoimmune disease, celiac disease, non-celiac gluten sensitivity, or persistent gut symptoms are involved.

Learn more about autoimmune disease and thyroid health.

The bigger message is not that one food explains every autoimmune disease. It is that gut-barrier integrity, genetics, infections, the microbiome, immune tolerance, nutrition, stress, sleep, movement, toxic burden, and other environmental triggers can interact.

How to ‘Leak-Proof' Your Gut

If after reading this article you think intestinal barrier dysfunction may be part of your health problems, I have two things to say:

1. Your suffering does not have to continue. There is hope.
2. The intestinal barrier is dynamic and can improve when the underlying stressors are identified and addressed.

There is no one-step protocol proven to “seal” every leaky gut.

Instead, build an environment that supports barrier repair:

• Remove clear triggers. Avoid foods you know provoke symptoms. Our Natural Living Family gut reset commonly removes gluten, dairy, refined sugar, ultra-processed foods, and unnecessary food additives while minimizing pesticide exposure.
• Do not casually overuse NSAIDs. If you need anti-inflammatory medication for a medical condition, discuss the risks and alternatives with your clinician rather than simply stopping prescribed care.
• Eat a whole-food diet. Build meals around vegetables, herbs, berries, clean proteins, healthy fats, and bioactive-rich foods.
• Eat fiber and fermented foods when tolerated. These can support microbial diversity and short-chain-fatty-acid production, but not every gut tolerates every fiber or fermented food during an active flare.
• Address infections and dysbiosis when they are actually present. Do not assume every digestive problem is candida, parasites, or SIBO without appropriate evaluation.
• Support the mucosal layer and nutrient status. Protein, zinc, vitamins A and D, omega-3 fats, polyphenols, and other nutrients are involved in barrier maintenance, but supplementation should be individualized.
• Manage stress. Prayer, deep breathing, healthy relationships, time outside, and restorative sleep matter because the brain and gut communicate constantly. (5)
• Move your body wisely. Regular low-to-moderate activity can support gut and metabolic health, while prolonged intense exercise and heat stress can temporarily increase permeability. (4)

A 2024 review on intestinal barrier permeability concluded that diet and appropriately dosed exercise are promising non-pharmacological ways to support barrier integrity, while also emphasizing that the effect depends on the specific diet, exercise intensity, microbiome, and health context. (4)

What About Probiotics?

Probiotics can be useful, but the modern evidence has taught us to stop talking about them as though every strain does the same job.

Benefits are strain-specific and condition-specific.

Probiotics may temporarily influence microbial activity, mucus, immune signaling, and intestinal barrier function without permanently “repopulating” the microbiome. The goal is not simply to flood the gut with more bacteria. The goal is to choose an organism and formulation that has evidence for the problem you are trying to support.

Spore-forming Bacillus probiotics remain among our favorites because spores can be naturally resilient through storage and gastrointestinal transit.

Here are two strains worth knowing:

Bacillus clausii

Bacillus clausii is a spore-forming probiotic known for gastrointestinal resilience.

A 2025 systematic review examined specific B. clausii strains identified as O/C, N/R, SIN, and T during antibiotic treatment. Four evidence sources met the review criteria, including randomized trials, a prior meta-analysis, and an expert consensus. The authors concluded that these strains reduced antibiotic-associated diarrhea and several gastrointestinal symptoms when used during antibiotic therapy. (10)

That is useful evidence, but it is not the same as proving that Bacillus clausii heals leaky gut.

Use the evidence for what it actually studied: antibiotic-associated diarrhea and GI symptoms.

Bacillus coagulans

Bacillus coagulans is another spore-forming probiotic with strain-specific human research.

A 2023 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial enrolled 70 adults with functional gas and bloating. Participants received B. coagulans MTCC 5856 at 2 billion spores per day or placebo for four weeks. Sixty-six completed the trial. Gas, bloating, burping, flatus, and overall gastrointestinal symptom scores improved significantly more in the probiotic group. (11)

Again, that study tested functional gas and bloating, not intestinal permeability.

This is why the strain name on a probiotic bottle matters.

Application: If probiotics consistently make you dramatically more bloated, painful, constipated, or uncomfortable, do not assume the answer is simply a higher dose. Back up and ask why. SIBO, severe dysbiosis, intolerance to added prebiotics, or the wrong strain may change what you need.

Live Gut Support

Though probiotics have long been touted as gut-optimizing partners, many people find it difficult to know which product actually works.

One statement from our older version of this article needs to be corrected: stomach acid does not automatically kill 99.99% of all probiotic strains, and refrigerated probiotics are not automatically “dead on arrival.”

Survival varies enormously by organism, strain, dose, food matrix, capsule design, stomach pH, and formulation.

A 2023 laboratory analysis of 21 commercial probiotic products found wide variation in survival under simulated gastric and intestinal conditions. Some products lost substantial viability, while organisms in several formulations survived well. Spore-forming Bacillus clausii products tended to perform well, but even this study emphasized that product quality and formulation matter. (12)

A separate 2024 simulated gastrointestinal study found more than 50% survival for one delayed-release capsule formulation compared with less than 1% for the powder, liquid, and standard-capsule formulations tested in that particular experiment. (13)

That does not mean every delayed-release product is superior or that every ordinary capsule fails.

It means the old blanket claim was too broad.

Refrigeration is mostly about maintaining shelf stability for strains that are sensitive to heat and storage conditions. Whether a probiotic needs refrigeration does not tell you, by itself, whether it can survive human body temperature or gastrointestinal transit.

When choosing a probiotic, look for:

• Clearly identified genus, species, and ideally strain
• Human research on that strain for the outcome you care about
• CFU guarantees through the end of shelf life, not only at manufacture
• Packaging and storage directions that protect viability
• A delivery system appropriate for the organism
• Transparent quality testing

Spore-forming probiotics can be excellent choices because they are naturally hardy, but “spore-based” is not a guarantee that every product or strain will produce the same clinical benefit.

And probiotics are not the foundation of gut health.

The newest research points us back to the same Biblical health foundations we teach all the time: steward your body, reduce toxic burden, eat real food, support digestion, manage stress, move daily, rest well, pray, and use God-given natural tools wisely.

If you are severely immunocompromised, critically ill, have a central venous catheter, or have another condition that substantially raises infection risk, discuss probiotic use with your medical team before supplementing.

The bottom line: support the terrain, not just the supplement.

Resources & References

1. Lacy BE, Wise JL, Cangemi DJ. “Leaky Gut Syndrome: Myths and Management.” Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2024;20(5):264-272. PMCID: PMC11345991.
2. Compare D, Sgamato C, Rocco A, et al. “The Leaky Gut and Human Diseases: Can't Fill the Cup if You Don't Plug the Holes First.” Digestive Diseases. 2024;42(6):548-566. doi:10.1159/000540379.
3. Macura B, Kiecka A, Szczepanik M. “Intestinal Permeability Disturbances: Causes, Diseases and Therapy.” Clinical and Experimental Medicine. 2024;24(1):232. doi:10.1007/s10238-024-01496-9.
4. Dmytriv TR, Storey KB, Lushchak VI. “Intestinal Barrier Permeability: The Influence of Gut Microbiota, Nutrition, and Exercise.” Frontiers in Physiology. 2024;15:1380713. doi:10.3389/fphys.2024.1380713.
5. Madison AA, Bailey MT. “Stressed to the Core: Inflammation and Intestinal Permeability Link Stress-Related Gut Microbiota Shifts to Mental Health Outcomes.” Biological Psychiatry. 2024;95(4):339-347. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.10.014.
6. Ruigrok RAAA, Weersma RK, Vich Vila A. “The Emerging Role of the Small Intestinal Microbiota in Human Health and Disease.” Gut Microbes. 2023;15(1):2201155. doi:10.1080/19490976.2023.2201155.
7. Carmo M, et al. “Effects of Glyphosate Exposure on Intestinal Microbiota, Metabolism and Microstructure: A Systematic Review.” 2024. PMID: 38994673.
8. Fasano A. “Zonulin and Its Regulation of Intestinal Barrier Function: The Biological Door to Inflammation, Autoimmunity, and Cancer.” Physiological Reviews. 2011;91(1):151-175. doi:10.1152/physrev.00003.2008.
9. Drago S, El Asmar R, Di Pierro M, et al. “Gliadin, Zonulin and Gut Permeability: Effects on Celiac and Non-Celiac Intestinal Mucosa and Intestinal Cell Lines.” Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2006;41(4):408-419. doi:10.1080/00365520500235334.
10. Abreu AT, Vázquez Frías R, Boggio Marzet C, et al. “Effectiveness of Bacillus clausii (O/C, N/R, SIN, T) in the Prevention of Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea and Gastrointestinal Symptoms: A Systematic Review.” Antibiotics. 2025;14(5):439. doi:10.3390/antibiotics14050439.
11. Majeed M, Nagabhushanam K, Paulose S, Arumugam S. “The Effects of Bacillus coagulans MTCC 5856 on Functional Gas and Bloating in Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study.” Medicine. 2023;102(9):e33109. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000033109.
12. Ghelardi E, Mazzantini D, Celandroni F, et al. “Analysis of the Microbial Content of Probiotic Products Commercialized Worldwide and Survivability in Conditions Mimicking the Human Gut Environment.” Frontiers in Microbiology. 2023;14:1127321. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1127321.
13. Govaert M, Rotsaert C, et al. “Survival of Probiotic Bacterial Cells in the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract and the Effect of the Surviving Population on the Colonic Microbial Community Activity and Composition.” Nutrients. 2024;16(16):2791. doi:10.3390/nu16162791.
14. do Nascimento DSM, Mota ACC, Carvalho MCC, et al. “Can Diet Alter the Intestinal Barrier Permeability in Healthy People? A Systematic Review.” Nutrients. 2024;16(12):1871. doi:10.3390/nu16121871.
15. Do NM. “From Leaky Gut to Leaky Skin: A Clinical Review of Lifestyle Influences on the Microbiome.” American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine. 2024. doi:10.1177/15598276241292605.